Alternative fuel technologies

Oil and petroleum products have been mainstay of world’s economic and technological advancement since past 150 years. The mechanism driving the entire transportation system from automobiles, airplanes, railways, ships to space rockets is based on utilization of energy of petroleum oil. Petroleum products are also extensively used in a number of infrastructure industries that form the core of industrial processes and basis of existence of modern world. However, the petroleum resources of world are very limited and they cannot endlessly meet human demands.Various estimates have put the total extractable oil stock to exist for another 50-75 years if world continues to consume them at present rate. After that the cost of extraction of remaining petroleum products would become much more than the benefits obtained them and world would require new resources of energy to exist. These concerns have already spawned intense research in alternative technologies to meet the future energy n eeds in the face of an impending petroleum crisis.The shortage of oil would be more manifest in coming times as oil demands are growing world wide, especially in China and India with rapidly expanding economy, transportation system and consequently requirement of petroleum oil. Even at present consumption rate there are grave uncertainties on the secure prospects of future supplies within next 50 years time frame, and the rising consumption rates threatens to bring the approaching crisis nearer.United States is thus faced with a great responsibility to secure its future interests without sacrificing its present requirements and needs. This issue forms the topic of the next section. Alternative fuel technologies Past decade has seen great thrust on technological researches in alternative fuels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to test their viability and capacity to successfully replace petroleum as chief source of energy.Most of these inno vations are specifically aimed at transportation sector owing to its liability as chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of soaring oil imports. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in transportation, the technologies vary. Passenger vehicles, public transport vehicles and freight transportation carry specific needs that are difficult to be met by a single alternative fuel technology (Deutch J, Schlesinger J. R, Victor D. G. 2006).Some of the major and most popular of these technologies, where majority of research and development has taken place, are (Aldrich, 1996) 1. Hybrid Vehicle: As the name suggests, hybrid vehicles combine dual technologies for their operation. Technically they are hybrid electric vehicle with an electric motor that drives the vehicle (Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 41 ). 2. Bio-diesels: Bio-diesel: Bio-diesel, as the term suggests, is a type of renewable fuel obtained by agricultural products and used as fuel in heavy-dut y vehicles.The major sources currently under research for bio-diesel are soybean, rapeseed, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and canola (Aldrich, 1996, 85). 3. Ethanol: Ethanol has emerged as a successful alternative to fossil fuels in Brazil where more than 4 million vehicles on ethanol based fuel and it is finding increasing application in the world as well 4. Hydrogen: : There are great interests in using hydrogen as fuel in transport industry due to the great flexibility of options and performance it offers.Hydrogen can either be used as fuel in place of gasoline in internal combustion engine or it can be used as energy carrier in fuel cells, the latter being the major research area in automobile sector (Aldrich, 1996, 87). Solar energy: : Solar power has turned as a dependable source of energy in areas other than transport. All the initial costs are high in maintaining a solar energy power plant, its been shown that with increasingly sophisticated technology and wider appli cation the cost of installation as well as generation of electricity can get comparable to normal power plants. Mass Transport SystemApart from introducing alternative fuel and technologies to replace and minimize fossil fuel consumption, another area where fuel consumption can be easily reduced is creating a more robust and functional public transport and mass transit system. It is cost effective and time consuming to redesign the existing public transport system, especially in major cities, to cut down fuel consumption by reducing number of vehicles on the road. Socio-cultural impact When fossil fuels were discovered around 150 years back, the existing technologies of steam engines were unable to utilize them.However, soon completely new technologies were developed in the face of these new energy sources and they were used to capitalize on the energy content and efficiency of fossil fuels. Soon petroleum fuels revolutionized the way the world moved and worked. The past 100 years o f consumption has comprehensively depleted non-renewable petroleum deposits and estimates give another 50 more years before the remaining available sources would get almost exhausted. This fact is indeed a cause of concern, but only if viewed from existing technological frame.Declining petroleum resources offer the signal that its time to make transition towards different energy sources. Countries that would fail to read this signal or close their eyes to it are certainly heading for a major crisis. But fortunately the world has the capacity to read these signals and develop reliable intermediate technologies and systems such as hybrid electric vehicle, ethanol and public transit systems that would considerably reduce fossil fuel consumption without adding to infrastructure cost thereby extending the life period of petroleum reservoirs.Meanwhile research can take place on new age technologies such as fuel cell and solar photovoltaic cells to complete replace fossil fuels as a source of energy. It is possible that if government and industry institute providential policy measures, there would be a host of alternative technologies in transportation sector by the time petroleum oil would get exhausted. _ Reference Bob Aldrich.. ABCs of AFVs: a guide to alternative fuel vehicles.California Energy Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. 1st Feb 2007 http://www. p2pays. org/ref/26/25156. pdf Hoogma Recmo, Rene Kemp, John Schot, Bernhard Truffer. Experimenting for Sustainable Transport: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management. : Spon Press: New York: 2002. 3 Deutch J, Schlesinger J. R, Victor D. G. 2006. Consequence of U. S Oil Dependency: Report of an Independent Task Force. 30th Jan. 2007 http://www. cfr. org/content/publications/attachments/EnergyTFR. pdf Alternative fuel technologies Since its discovery 150 years ago, petroleum oil has become lifeline of the world, the functional equivalent of blood in the human body. The mechanism driving the entire transportation system from automobiles, airplanes, railways, ships to space rockets is based on utilization of energy of petroleum oil. Petroleum products are also extensively used in a number of infrastructure industries that form the core of industrial processes and basis of existence of modern world. However, the petroleum resources of world are very limited and they cannot endlessly meet human demands.Various estimates have put the total extractable oil stock to exist for another 50-75 years if world continues to consume them at present rate. After that the cost of extraction of remaining petroleum products would become much more than the benefits obtained them and world would require new resources of energy to exist. These concerns have already spawned intense research in alternative technologies to meet the fut ure energy needs in the face of an impending petroleum crisis. United States of America is world’s leading consumer of petroleum products accounting for approximately 25 % of total consumption of petroleum oil world over.In 2003, world’s consumption of petroleum oil stood at around 80 million barrels per day, out of which US’s share was close to 20 million barrel (Hirsch, Bezdek, Wending, 2005). To meet these huge petroleum demands US depends crucially on oil imports that is well above 50 % today and continuing to rise upward. This overwhelming dependence on imported oil poses various strategic and security challenges for US interests in the long run. The sharp oil price increases of 1973 and 1979-81 serve as testimony to the dangers of import dependence.Further as the oil sources would continue to deplete, the prices of oil would steadily and inexorably rise until the level when world is faced with an acute fuel crisis. Based on these observations it’s v ital that U. S explores alternative technologies and fuels to sustain its development and growth structure. Need of alternative fuels The continuous rise in U. S oil consumption has forced it to rely increasingly on imported oil to meet its expanding requirements. As of today with its 20 million barrel per day consumption U.S is the largest consumer and importer of oil, surpassing the combined consumption of Japan, Germany, China, Russia and South Korea (Reardon, 2004).. The share of oil in total energy produced in USA is just 17. 2 percent while in consumption it rises to 40 percent that explains the need for huge oil import. Imports constitute 11 million barrels per day that is more than the aggregate oil import of Japan, Germany, and South Korea (Reardon, 2004). The bulk of the oil consumption takes place in the transportation sector, which accounts for the 69 percent of the total oil consumption in US (Basic Petroleum Statistics, 2007).Consumption stands highest for motor gasoli ne. Average daily consumption of motor gasoline in U. S, according to Petroleum data (EIA, 2005) is 8933 thousand barrels per day. Distillate fuel oil is the second most consumed petroleum product with daily consumption at 2817 thousand barrels. These figures give a realistic view of inevitable oil import dependency U. S for present and future if it carries on the present rate of consumption. Indeed the chances to curb the massive oil imports are slim considering the fleet of 210 millions vehicle that depend solely upon motor gasoline for their functioning (Hirsch R.L, Bezdek R, Wending R, February 2005, 4). As on 1st January 2006, the total proven oil reserves with U. S was just 21. 6 billion barrels, which implies that in future U. S would be forced to rely almost completely on oil imports for its entire transportation requirements. As the closer sources shall run dry, U. S’ dependency would shift to further sources from where oil must be transported over vulnerable supply lines, leading to rise in global oil price. The greater risk is certainly compromising with U. S national interests.The oil supply lines would always be at risk against subversive elements requiring another set of huge investment in ensuring safe transportation of oil to U. S onshore facilities. It will also place U. S interests in the hands of oil cartels such as OPEC that may freely manipulate oil supplies according to their own interests. Part II: Alternative fuel technologies The impending oil crisis has finally stirred policy makers in US. A number of approaches are suggested that include a. imposing taxes on oil consumption b. using tradable gasoline permits and c. exploration of new sources of oil ( Deutch J, Schlesinger J.R, Victor D. G. 2006 ). However, the pressing need of situation demands measures that would sustain the present structure while safeguarding the future against depleting sources and rising petroleum prices. As the world’s oil reserves are finite, eve n measures such stagnating oil consumption and using oil more efficiently are just helpful in delaying the inevitable without offering any permanent solution to the issue. Oil reserves are going down steadily and within a couple of decades prices will soar up inexorably disrupting the economy, industry and society in turn.The only practical solution to this problem is technological innovations in energy field that can reduce dependence on petroleum oil by providing alternative and sustainable sources of energy. It shall serve two immensely useful purposes that are a. minimizing U. S dependence on foreign oil and b. preventing the environment from damages associated with use of petroleum oils and products. The certainty of oil exhaustion has inspired efforts from both government and corporate sector to research and develop the new fuel technologies as a providential measure for survival, growth and progress in forthcoming days of oil crisis.Past decade has seen great thrust on techno logical researches in alternative fuels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to test their viability and capacity to successfully replace petroleum as chief source of energy. Most of these innovations are specifically aimed at transportation sector owing to its liability as chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of soaring oil imports. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in transportation, the technologies vary Alternative fuel technologies Since its discovery 150 years ago, petroleum oil has become lifeline of the world. The entire structure of the modern mechanized world, consisting from transportation system, automobiles, airplanes, railways, ships to space rockets today operates primarily on the energy derived from the fossil fuels/petroleum oils. Apart from being mainstay of the transportation sector, petroleum products have also found wide application in a large range of core infrastructure industries that are essential for survival of industrial processes and basis of existence of modern world.This dependence on exclusive use of petroleum resources of world has become cause of serious concern among policy planners. Petroleum resources are very limited and they have cannot be continuously exploited to meet human demand. According to varoius studies and estimates, the total oil stock of world t is expected to last for another 50-75 years if world continues to consume them at present rate. After that the cost of ext raction of remaining petroleum products would rise greatly. It would become so costly that benefits obtained from oil would be lower than expenditure incurred on them.Thus world may need another resources of energy to exist. These fears and concerns have already generated intense research in alternative technologies to meet the future energy needs in the face of an overhanging petroleum crisis. The large part of the oil consumption takes place in the transportation sector, which accounts for the 69 percent of the total oil consumption in the US alone (Basic Petroleum Statistics, 2007). Overall there are five major sectors accounting for petroleum oil consumption. These sectors, along with their consumption share in year 2005 are (Petroleum-EIA, 2006)1. Domestic/Household: Consumption in 2005 was 869 thousand barrels of petroleum per day 2. Commercial: 386 thousand barrels of petroleum per day 3. Industrial: 5061 thousand barrels of petroleum per day 4. Electric Power production: 545 thousand barrels of petroleum per day 5. Transportation: 13, 825 thousand barrels of petroleum per day. The consumption pattern in the transportation sector shows that consumption is highest for motor gasoline. Average daily consumption of motor gasoline in U. S, according to Petroleum data (EIA, 2005) is 8933 thousand barrels per day.Distillate fuel oil is the second most consumed petroleum product with daily consumption at 2817 thousand barrels. These figures show that U. S would be dependent on oil imports for present and future if it carries on the present rate of consumption. U. S has a fleet of 210 millions vehicle that depend entirely upon motor gasoline for their functioning that makes it very difficult to reduce oil consumption. (Hirsch R. L, Bezdek R, Wending R, February 2005, 4). As on 1st January 2006, the total proven oil reserves with U. S was just 21. 6 billion barrels, which means that in future U.S would be forced to rely almost completely on oil imports for its en tire transportation requirements. As the closer sources shall run dry, U. S’ would be dependent on distant sources from where oil must be transported. The supply lines may become vulnerable to leakage and terrorist attacks and it would lead to rise in global oil price. The greater risk is certainly compromising with U. S national interests. The oil supply lines would always be at risk against subversive elements requiring another set of huge investment in ensuring safe transportation of oil to U. S onshore facilities.It will also place U. S interests in the hands of oil cartels such as OPEC that may freely manipulate oil supplies according to their own interests. The shortage of oil would increase greatly in coming times as oil demands are growing worldwide. Meanwhile China and India are also expanding their economy, transportation system and hence they would need more oil in future. Even at present rate there are serious doubts on the secure prospects of future supplies with in next 50 years time frame, and the rising consumption rates threatens to bring the approaching crisis nearer.United States has thus a great responsibility to secure its future interests without sacrificing its present requirements and needs. This issue forms the topic of the next section. Alternative fuel technologies The forthcoming oil crisis has finally moved policy makers in US. A number of approaches are suggested that include a. imposing taxes on oil consumption b. using tradable gasoline permits and c. exploration of new sources of oil ( Deutch J, Schlesinger J. R, Victor D. G. 2006 ).However, the urgent need of situation demands methods that would sustain the present structure while safeguarding the future against depleting sources and rising petroleum prices. As the world’s oil reserves are limited, even measures such stagnating oil consumption and using oil more efficiently are just helpful in delaying the inevitable without offering any permanent solution to the issue. Oil reserves are going down steadily and within a couple of decades prices will soar up inexorably disrupting the economy, industry and society in turn.The only practical solution to this problem is technological innovations in energy field that can reduce dependence on petroleum oil by providing alternative and sustainable sources of energy. It shall serve two immensely useful purposes that are a. minimizing U. S dependence on foreign oil and b. preventing the environment from damages associated with use of petroleum oils and products. The certainty of oil exhaustion has inspired efforts from both government and corporate sector to research and develop the new fuel technologies as a providential measure for survival, growth and progress in forthcoming days of oil crisis.Past decade has seen great move on technological researches in alternative fuels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to test their viability and capacity to successfu lly replace petroleum as chief source of energy. Most of these innovations are specifically aimed at transportation sector because it is the chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of increasing oil imports. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in transportation, there are various technologies.Passenger vehicles, public transport vehicles and freight transportation carry specific needs that are difficult to be met by a single alternative fuel technology. Some of the major and most popular of these technologies, where majority of research and development has taken place, are (Aldrich, 1996) 1. Hybrid Vehicle 2. Bio-diesels 3. Ethanol 4. Hydrogen and 6. Solar energy Following section discusses the technology used in each of these new vehicle-systems and their benefits over conventional gasoline based internal combustion engine.Hybrid Vehicles: As the name suggests, hybrid vehicles combine dual technologies for their operation. Technically they are hybrid el ectric vehicle with an electric motor that drives the vehicle (Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 41 ). In the case of a typical electric vehicle, hydrogen fuel cell or chemical batteries such as advanced sealed lead battery, nickel cadmium and lithium ion are used for auxiliary power (Aldrich, 1996). However in the hybrid electric vehicles, the electric drive technology is combined with a gasoline-based power generator for running the electric motor and charging the batteries.Hybrid vehicles are either full hybrid or mid hybrid. A full hybrid vehicle can move forward from standstill purely on electric power while a mid hybrid requires gasoline power for initial movement, although both technologies concentrate on maximum utilization of electric motor power while reducing the use of gasoline as far as possible (Hybrid Terms, 2007). The electric motor and internal combustion engine (ICE) are connected either in parallel or in series in a hybrid vehicle.In parallel hybrid cars, pow er to engine is supplied by both the electric motor and internal combustion engine while in the series hybrid car the gasoline engine powers the electric motor and batteries to generate electricity, without directly providing power for the vehicle (Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2007). There is another category of hybrid vehicles, called as ‘plug-in hybrid’ that can operate as a full electric vehicle. They require some additional batteries and use electricity net to charge the batteries thereby minimizing gasoline use to its lowest possible levels (Hybrid Terms, 2007).All hybrid electric vehicle use computer that constantly monitors speed, power required and charge conditions of batteries (Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2007). Hybrid vehicles offer numerous benefits over the conventional gasoline based ICE, some of which are (Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2007; Sanna, 2007, 12; Aldrich, 1996, 88 ) 1. Hybrid vehicles are extremely fuel efficient, with most of the driving thrust coming from electric power. 2. Unlike electric cars, they offer unlimited range of traveling and transportation 3.Hybrid technology is combination of the proven technology of ICE with electric motors, thus giving it reliability in the market. 4. Hybrid technology can be used in various sectors of transportation, from personal vehicles to heavy duty vehicles. In fact, both the major US car manufacturers, GM and Ford have come out with a range of hybrid vehicles, that are successful in market. 5. Plug in -Hybrid technology is even more fuel conserving and environmentally benign, cutting down CO2 emission by more than 30 % while using minimum possible use of gasoline.Hybrid vehicles offer the most reliable alternate technology which US can capitalize upon without risking any major upheaval in its current fuel-technology structure. These vehicles promise to drastically reduce fuel oil consumption, reducing the needs of oil imports, meanwhile purchasing time for completely oil free technology. Bio-diesel: Bio-diesel, as the term suggests, is a type of renewable fuel obtained by agricultural products and used as fuel in heavy-duty vehicles. The major sources currently under research for bio-diesel are soybean, rapeseed, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and canola (Aldrich, 1996, 85).The process of making bio-diesel involves use of an alcohol such as methanol which is treated with oil of selected agricultural produce to form glycerin followed by separation of fatty esters, recycling of excess alcohol and purification of esters to produce a fuel that bears remarkable closeness to diesel, however with higher octane number (Aldrich, 1996, 85). Currently bio-diesel is used when blended with petroleum diesel, especially in European markets, with commendable results. Bio-diesel offers a host of benefits over conventional petroleum diesel, some of which are (Faupel and Kurki, 2002, 1).1. Reduction in vehicle emission leading to environment safe emission standards 2. As bio-di esel is an excellent lubricant it helps to prolong engine life 3. As the fuel is non-toxic and easily biodegradable it presents high safety standards in storage and transportation. 4. It will give boost to agricultural productions 5. It poses significantly lower health risks than petroleum diesel, successfully meeting health requirement standards established by Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990. 6.The technology of bio-diesel doesn’t require any major altercation in present engine technology and infrastructure models, making it a popular choice in alternative fuel category. 7. The fact that bio-diesel can be completely synthesized domestically gives US a great opportunity to curtail its dependence on fossil fuel, curb imports, optimize its economy and make a transition towards a secure and sustainable future. Bio-diesel has gained wide acceptance as a viable alternative for fossil-diesel and it is increasingly used in mass transit system, freight transportation and heavy duty v ehiclesEthanol: Ethanol as a very long history as an alternative fuel, and it was tried in even 1880 as a fuel option for Ford cars (Aldrich, 1996, 51). Ethanol is derived from agricultural produces by process of fermentation and distillation to form a high-octane liquid fuel. Normally ethanol is not used alone as a fuel, instead it is blended with gasoline in ratio of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline to form a fuel E-85, which is approved as an alternative fuel in US (Ethanol, 2007). The vehicles run on this fuel are called as flexi fuel vehicles.Ethanol has emerged as a successful alternative to fossil fuels in Brazil where more than 4 million vehicles on ethanol based fuel and it is finding increasing application in US as well. The benefits of using ethanol are multifold and they include (Ethanol, 2007) 1. Ease in use: Although E85 engine is somewhat different than ICE, it is possible to alter the existing ICE to accommodate E85 as the fuel 2. Reduced petroleum consumpt ion: Increased use of E85 promises considerable reduction in use of fossil oil. 3.Renewable and sustainable fuel: E-85 is organically synthesized. It is renewable as ethanol can be made from waste bio products, optimizing the energy sector. 4. Environment compatibility: Vehicles using E-85 produce around 50 percent less smog in emission 5. Flexible fuel options: Vehicles using E-85 as fuel can also operate on gasoline, which is useful in case of non availability of E-85 Hydrogen: There are great interests in using hydrogen as fuel in transport industry due to the great flexibility of options and performance it offers.Hydrogen can either be used as fuel in place of gasoline in internal combustion engine or it can be used as energy carrier in fuel cells, the latter being the major research area in automobile sector (Aldrich, 1996, 87). Generally, hydrogen is obtained by decomposing hydrocarbon fuels, electrolysis of water and photolysis. It is stored directly in form of gas, liquid or as chemically with metal hydrides (Hydrogen Economy, 2002, 2). Due to its low energy volume, direct use of hydrogen as a fuel would require considerably large volumes to fuel the vehicle.On the other hand, hydrogen is extremely efficient in fuel cells. In a fuel cell, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce electricity, Use of hydrogen offers following advantages (Hydrogen Economy, 2002; Aldrich, 1996,87) 1. It is the most abundant element in universe and hence practically inexhaustible as a source of energy. 2. When burned it produces water vapour as only by product. 3. Hydrogen can be used a fuel directly in ICE, requiring no modification in engine design. 4.Hydrogen fuel cells involve no pollution, and provide higher efficiency of the order of 45 percent in combustion. 5. In case of any accidents, hydrogen powered vehicle are likely to cause less damage due to light chemical nature of hydrogen. Solar Power: Use of solar power as energy in transportation sector has been subject of intense technological research. While the solar energy has found wide application as domestic energy supply, there are difficulties in their application in transport sector.Photovoltaic cells, that absorb sunrays to provide electricity, are inefficient under the current technology strains and unable to generate even a fraction of required power to drive a normal passenger vehicle. However, solar power has turned as a dependable source of energy in areas other than transport. All the initial costs are high in maintaining a solar energy power plant, its been shown that with increasingly sophisticated technology and wider application the cost of installation as well as generation of electricity can get comparable to normal power plants (Borowitz, 1999,112).Conclusion When fossil fuels were discovered around 150 years back, the existing technologies of steam engines were unable to utilize them. However, soon completely new technologies were developed as new energy sources were discov ered. They started to use the energy content and efficiency of fossil fuels. Soon petroleum fuels revolutionized the way the world moved and worked. The past 100 years of consumption has comprehensively depleted non-renewable petroleum deposits and estimates give another 50 more years before the remaining available sources would get almost exhausted.US has the capacity to read these signals and develop reliable intermediate technologies and systems such as hybrid electric vehicle, ethanol and public transit systems that would considerably reduce fossil fuel consumption without adding to infrastructure cost thereby extending the life period of petroleum reservoirs. Meanwhile research is continuing on new age technologies such as fuel cell and solar photovoltaic cells to complete replace fossil fuels as a source of energy.It is possible that if government and industry institute providential policy measures, there would be a host of alternative technologies in transportation sector by the time petroleum oil would get exhausted. Economic advantage of using alternative fuels Alternative fuel technologies carry great economic benefit for US. Presently USA is heavily dependent on imported petroleum fuel that accounts for massive expenditure in the federal budget. Increased use of alternative fuel technology would reduce this dependency, saving billions of dollars annually.Further, the domestic production, processing and maintenance of alternative fuel resources and vehicles would create more number of jobs, thus strengthening the economic conditions. Alternative vehicles would also create far less air pollution, which would help the quality of life with reduced lungs diseases, cancers, asthma and various other problems. It would also bring down the need as well as the cost of environmental cleanup, adding to economic benefits further (AFV-2000) Reference Alternative Fuel Vehicles, 2000, Climate Change Technologies, 21st Feb, 2007, http://yosemite.epa. gov/oar/globalw arming. nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/SHSU5BMSCX/$File/alternativefueledvehicles. pdf Basic Petroleum Statistics. Jan 2007. Energy Information Administration. 31st Jan. 2007 http://www. eia. doe. gov/neic/quickfacts/quickoil. html Bob Aldrich.. ABCs of AFVs: a guide to alternative fuel vehicles. California Energy Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. 1st Feb 2007 http://www. p2pays. org/ref/26/25156. pdf Borowitz, Sidney. Farewell Fossil Fuels: Reviewing America's Energy Policy. : Plenum Trade: New York: 1999 Deutch J, Schlesinger J. R, Victor D. G. 2006. Consequence of U.S Oil Dependency: Report of an Independent Task Force. 30th Jan. 2007 http://www. cfr. org/content/publications/attachments/EnergyTFR. pdf Ethanol. 2007. Alternative Fuel Data Center. US Department of Energy. 1st Feb, 2007, http://www. eere. energy. gov/afdc/altfuel/ethanol. html Faupel Karen and Al Kukri, 2002. Biodiesel: A Brief Overivew. NCAT Agricultural Specialist. 1st Feb, 2007. http://www. msenergy. ms/biodiesel. pdf Hirsch R. L, Bezdek R, Wending R. February 2005. Peaking of World Oil Production: Impact, Mitigation, & Risk Management. 30th Jan. 2007 http://www. pppl.gov/publications/pics/Oil_Peaking_1205. pdf Hoogma Recmo, Rene Kemp, John Schot, Bernhard Truffer. Experimenting for Sustainable Transport: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management. : Spon Press: New York: 2002. 36 Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Feb 2007. Hybrid & Electric Vehicle: Implementing Agreement. International Energy Agency. 1st Feb, 2007. http://www. ieahev. org/hybrid. html#Anchor3 Hybrid Terms. HybridCars. com. 1st Feb 2007 http://www. hybridcars. com/types-systems/hybrid-terms. html Petroleum. July, 2006. Annual Energy Review-2005. 31s Jan, 2007 http://www. eia. doe. gov/emeu/aer/petro.html Petroleum Overview, 1949-2005. Annual Energy Review. 31st Jan, 2007 http://www. eia. doe. gov/emeu/aer/petro. html Prospects For A Hydrogen Economy. Oct. 2002. Postnote. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. 1st Feb, 2007. ht tp://www. parliament. uk/post/pn186. pdf Sanna Lucy. Driving the Solution: Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles. EPRI Journal. 1st Feb 2007. http://www. calcars. org/epri-driving-solution-1012885_PHEV. pdf U. S. Imports- Petroleum Navigator. Energy Information Administration. 31st Jan 2007 http://tonto. eia. doe. gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_d_NUS_Z00_mbbl_m. htm

Rizal as a role-model for students

Rizal Submitted by: Jose Marcko Durano Submitted to: Sir Parawan Rizal, American sponsored Hero |Rizal was an American-sponsored hero | Rector’s Bill |Claro M. Recto Foundation | Why is Rizal the National hero? |Jose Rizal | Discovery in Binyan Jose Rizal |Jose Rizal | Blumentritt’s role in the propaganda war |Ferdinand Blumentritt | Rizal’s stinginess |Rizal’s stinginess |Rizal as a role-model for students |Liability | What did Rizal read? |He grew up in a home with a large | |library. | ———————– He became the national hero only because of the Americans who sponsored and encouraged the Rizal cult. Andres Bonifacio made Rizal the honorary president of KKK. KKK First Asians to rebel against a Western colonial power and establish a republic. A traitor to the revolution. The greatest Malay who ever lived. Aguinaldo declared this day to be an annual â€Å"Day of National Mourning. †December 1898 Th e Rizal course is coded as PI 100; Putang Ina 100. Made the Rizal bill. Student’s feel it’s useless studying this. Students today don’t appreciate much studying Rizal’s life. He was one man who was willing to risk losing votes because of his principles. Catholics schools threatened to close shop if the Rizal bill passed. Recto’s bill passed the law on 1956. Hero of all heroes. Spirit of Revolution â€Å"My dreams have always guided my actions. † He was a quiet, peaceful man who wilfully and calmly walked to his death former convictions. Unconscious hero. † Jose Potracio Rizal Mercado Y Realonda – Alonzo Teodora Alonzo Realonda Francis Mercado June 19, 1861 Regina Ursua Manuel de Qunito Brigada de Quintos Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo Domingo Lamco Ines Dela Rosa Cirila Bernacha Francisco Mercado Good friend and correspondent of Rizal. He attacked anti-Filipino writers. First European scholars o specialized in Phils. Studies. He was wal king around, peeking and salivating. He goes back to the apartment as if he had eaten already. His allowance was delayed. Pride and seriousnessThrifty Rizal did not like the idea of supplying the drinks for the party. Going in to Rizal’s school, they would be left with no â€Å"free† time. Because we had to give up fun and games to read and study. Most students today doubt Rizal’s accomplishments. He saves his allowance to buy books. Honore de Balzac, Alexandre Dumas, and Count of Monte Cristo. He read a lot of French literature. Rizal owned a valuable collection of over 2,000 books. He owned dictionaries and three different versions of the bible. Rizal also owned a lot of picture books.

The Police Brutality Of The Miami Area - 792 Words

In America, as it has been for a long time, police brutality has become too common an occurrence. And with black people being racially profiled, shot, and in even more extreme cases, murdered, it seems as if its a crime just being black in this country we call home. But even still, there are many people willing to defend police brutality acts, prosing that there are options that the victims could have chosen instead as to prevent their harm. Enter Charles Kinsey, 47, a behavior therapist in the Miami area. This past Monday, while Kinsey was attempting to help one of his patients that has autism, he was shot in the leg. Prior to this, Kinsey can be shown on video trying to get his patient to listen to him, and also talking with the officer, all while his hand are in the air and he lies on back. After the officers withdrew their weapons, Kinsey explained that it was not necessary, as his patient only had a truck. Ensuing the fired shots, the officers handcuffed Kinsey, checked him for weapons, and left him on the ground without medical help for 20 minutes. When the officer was asked why he shot Kinsey, he replied that he didn t know. Florida is no stranger to police brutality or racial profling. George Zimmerman s shooting of Trayvon Martin being justified under the Stand Your Ground law, as well as the brutal beating of Refus Holloway shows that Florida is a little far from being progressive when it comes to the attacks o f unarmed black people. But America as a wholeShow MoreRelatedA Report On Police Brutality1367 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Name Instructor Date Course Police Brutality There is various forms of human rights violation currently in the United States, however; Police abuse remains the most serious of them all. Police brutality is, therefore, the use of excessive force or even unnecessary force by the police while they are dealing with civilians. People are left wondering if the police are doing the jobs they were appointed to do under the law. They act in ways such as the use of guns and pepper sprays to intimidateRead MoreThe Effects Of Police Brutality On Minority Communities1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Police Brutality on Minority Communities Police brutality thrives in the inner city regions where minority communities live and work. Police brutality is a crime punishable by law and is often instigated by law enforcement officers who are either racially biased or prone to authority abuse and violent (re)actions. Allegations abound concerning police brutality with police officers using unnecessary or excessive force, committing battery, conducting illegal body searches and bullyingRead MoreThe Law Enforcement Profession Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesviewpoint of society towards police officers as the symbol of trust and dignity, the technological advances of communication and information systems in law enforcement, and the revision of selection and hiring practices for police officers. Organizational change occurs both as a result of internal and external agents (Swanson, Territo and Taylor, p. 664). These changes have manifested both positive and negative reverberations in the way we perform our job. Police officials have contemplatedRead MoreBlack Women And The Black Lives Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of people I would like to examine is black women. Black women often believe the Black Lives Matter Movement is very male-centered. A number of women such as Yvette Smith, Tyisha Miller, Miriam Carey, and many others have been victims of police brutality. When these women were brutalized or even killed, their names weren’t raised, and they didn’t garner much attention. This conveys the idea that black males’ lives are more important than black females’ lives. This brings about the issue of solidarity;Read More Police brutality Essay2105 Words   |  9 PagesThere is a widespread and persistent problem of police brutality across the United States. Thousands of individual complaints about police abuse are reported each year and local authorities pay out millions of dollars to victims in damages after lawsuits. Police officers have beaten and shot unresisting suspects; they have misused batons, chemical sprays, and electro-shock weapons; they have injured or killed people by placing them in dangerous restraint holds. This is the first paragraph of anRead MoreHow Drones Have Becoming Serve And Protect The Lives And Safety Of The Community816 Words   |  4 Pagesuse of drones could provide the public with more safety because it would provide constant surveillance of a particular area. Monitoring Baltimore City could potentially lower crime rates and discourage criminal activity. Criminals are less likely to commit crimes when they know that they are being watch and have a higher chance of being caught by law enforcement. The Miami-Dade Police Department currently uses drones, and they strictly use them for safety reason. They are only allowed to use the dronesRead MorePast And Present Race Riots2143 Words   |  9 Pagesstart fires, throw rocks at white drivers and overturn cars and trucks. The police arrived and tried to get a handle on the crowd but when they didn’t succeed, the police opened fire on the crowd. This event was one of those where we are still unsure of the reason why the police opened fire and continued to shoot as well as what originally started the riot before the rumor spread (Lecture Feb 25). Fast forward to 1980 in Miami, Florida where riots broke out because the officers who killed an AfricanRead MoreGun Violence Should Be Top Priority And The Reasons For My Choice757 Words   |  4 Pagesfuture and if we do not snatch them up and teach them life, it can wipe out civilization to a certain degree of a particular race. Since the Trayvon Martin incident, which happened almost four years ago, I have noticed that the shootings in certain areas have increased significantly. Not only is this an issue that is progressing, these issues are mainly brought to the forefront when people feel the â€Å"system† or law enforcement has done an injustice act. I chose to address gun violence because I sawRead MorePolice Misconduct And Its Effects Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesPolice misconduct is a broad term; it can potentially include anything from a police officer making a stop without even a reasonable suspicion justification to the use of lethal force in an altercation that does not warrant it or could have been resolved without it. Police misconduct is not limited to the use and abuse of lethal or nonlethal force at the hands of law enforcement. Police misconduct is defined by the Cato Institute as: â€Å"any action performed by a law enforcement officer that is unethicalRead MoreAmerican Law Enforcement Has Changed A Great Deal1238 Words   |  5 Pagesnot been updated on sensitivity and emotional kindness AS A WHOLE for some time. Gone are the days of the law enforcement officer being able to respond to a high priority scene with a smile. After the Miami Crisis in the 80’s, it seemed as though America has resorted to the Wild West in some areas. There is little room for anything in American Law Enforcement that is not fueled by fear and high stress levels. The standards and disposition qualities sought by law enforcement agencies has changed

Top Choices of Analytical Essay Samples Mla Format

Top Choices of Analytical Essay Samples Mla Format The History of Analytical Essay Samples Mla Format Refuted An analysis essay is a sort of persuasive essay. An analytical essay isn't just any bit of writing nor merely an easy article full of personal opinions but rather, for it to be somewhat powerful and a good one, it ought to be more of a sensible reaction to a question. Therefore, it is a piece of writing that provides an informative observation about the specific topic or idea. Whenever your analytical essay is all typed up, they will be able to help you make certain it's as fantastic as it can get. MLA is a sort of research essay that is normally written in colleges. Analysis essays are known to be among the hardest to write. The author's name is essential to note only in the very first quote whenever you have just one source. The title needs to be mentioned. A title page isn't required in a normal MLA report. Another title page isn't required. In the event the source you're citing has no author (in the event of internet pages), then compose the title instead. There are special words and word combination employed for analytical purposes which ought to be learned also. The second illustration is a good example of paraphrasing where the author isn't mentioned by name. Don't worry, these examples can help you. When you have summarized the work, you should start your analysis. If you're writing a background synthesis, in some instances it could be appropriate that you provide an interpretation of the material or have a position (thesis). The function of the outline is to supply you with a blueprint' of the paper and effortless reference when writing. However you are feeling about writing research papers, there's always something you'll be able to learn how to produce the process more efficient. Although, you're going to be expressing your opinions, make sure you are going to be fair and well informed. Though there are very limited quantities of seminars about research article writing, it will greatly assist if you are able to take advantage a number of them. You should offer information which is related to your thesis. The information that you present can start up as a wide discussion eventually narrowing to the thesis statement. The introduction should include three or more thingsa hook, your thesis statement, and a sentence or two describing how you plan to demonstrate your thesis statement. When writing creatively, there are some matters you should think about. Not only will it help you remain on topic when writing, but nevertheless, it permits you to find all your thoughts down while they're still fresh in your thoughts. The thing is it is tough to analyze an uninteresting and boring subject, or a topic that's very little studied in literature. If you're feeling unconfident, think about addressing a customized essay writing service for expert assistance. Furthermore, it is possible to also seek the services of a freelance writing firm to manage your undertaking. It's fairly simple to obtain an independent writer since the coming of the web. In addition, many modern freelance writers are extremely knowledgeable about search engine optimization (search engine marketing). Choosing Analytical Essay Samples Mla Format Bear in mind your conclusion shouldn't be significantly more than a paragraph or two. You have to come up with an idea based on the way the documentary touched you. The conclusion ought to be a succinct restatement of your major points without being a direct copy. It plays a vital role in the sense that it ties up the entire essay. Whispered Analytical Essay Samples Mla Format Secrets Dedicated applicants who really need the job is likely to make time. Your summary of the job will be contained within the body. In some instances, professors may demand section headers, in order to boost legibility. The biggest asset they have is all of the research they've done about the product that you're selling. Always keep in mind that the very first thing you're selling is yourself. Based on the kind of work you're citing, you might have to include extra info. It is possible to also think of conducting phone interviews at the last stage of the practice.

Essay about Contrast of Jamaica Kincaid’s “Girl” and John...

Contrast of Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP† â€Å"AP† and â€Å"Girl† both symbolized the protagonists’ oppression by an older, more experienced generation. However, Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† was artistic with an undercurrent of selfless love and hope while Updike’s â€Å"AP† was uninspiring with selfishness and lust. The protagonist of â€Å"Girl† discouraged her daughter’s dreams out of love. The protagonist of â€Å"A P† encouraged the antagonists’ out of a selfish desire for self-promotion. The short story â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid was a bittersweet warning from a mother to her daughter. The reader is experiencing the viewpoint of the protagonist through the soliloquy of her mother’s instructions that batter her like bugs smacking the†¦show more content†¦He describes the girls’ bodies in terms of the physical features most notable by first glances, including a reference of one girl being overweight with a large, but attractive rear end (Updike 561). I was thoroughly disgusted when he compared a woman’s empty mind with a buzzing bee in a glass jar (Updike 561). The girl referred to as â€Å"the queen† is the object most attracted by his affection and his roving eyes. â€Å"There was nothing between the top of the suit and the top of her head except her†¦it was more than pretty† (Updike 561). At the end of the story, the narrator refers to the â€Å"Big Tall Goony-Goony† as â€Å"not bad for raw mater ial† (Updike 564) and while taking the money, compares Queenie’s breasts to raw scoops of vanilla ice cream (Updike 563). When he loudly announces his intentions to quit his job, the narrator is upset that the girls don’t seem to notice or appreciate him and he seems disappointed to find â€Å"his girls† gone from the parking lot and his life without noticing his martyrdom (Updike 564). I was offended as I imagined this was a stand easily taken by many man for pretty girls. I wanted to run home and smack my boyfriend on the head with a rolled up copy of Vogue. Looking at the contrasting opinions of the two stories of societal oppression, it’s obvious that my sympathies are biased towards women and that I’m revealed for

Cults Essay Research Paper Cults have become free essay sample

Cults Essay, Research Paper Cults have become a phenomenon in our universe today. Each twelvemonth # 8220 ; 100s of Canadians join some of the 3,000 irregular faiths of one type or another # 8221 ; ( Fernell, Branswell, 189 ) all across North America. Like every organisation, nine or even in the common work topographic point there is normally a individual who is a figure of authorization or other wise know as a # 8220 ; leader # 8221 ; and with every leader there are ever regulations and aims that each and every member has to make and follow. The common psychological profile and aim of a cult leader is normally based upon power, control, domination and subjection. Many cult leaders use signifiers of head control such as thought-reform, brainwashing and hypnosis. The effects of these head commanding techniques frequently mentally scar people and it is really difficult to re-gain control of what usage to be their? normal? personality, manner of thought and life. Unselfishness, kindness, gradualness and compassion should be a basic life rule, non merely an ideal. We will write a custom essay sample on Cults Essay Research Paper Cults have become or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When persons claim to be? spiritually developed and put themselves in the function of a maestro or prophesier? ( Hassen, 01 ) cult members? become so subservient to their leader that they even digest slaying? ( Fennel, 185 ) . Destructive cults want to hold control and power over people and want to spread out their temporal power and normally do it to do money. Leaderships exist to function totalitarian dictators, non to function the people and desire to govern through power, non with the power of love. Charismatic leaders frequently stray into enticement to work their power over others in many unsafe ways. The cult leader frequently relies about wholly on regulations, processs, aggression, denial and apery to conceal their deficiency of people accomplishments. Cult leaders are able to exercise a clasp over people for a assortment of grounds. The members sometimes feel they belong to a group or # 8220 ; household # 8221 ; because they feel unafraid and have a new manner of thought and believing the # 8220 ; existent # 8221 ; manner the universe is or should be and as? the leader? s actions become more eccentric, so make the cult? s members? ( Fennel, 186 ) . Many people are thought to believe that the lone type of people to go influenced or encephalon washed into fall ining a cult are those that are insecure, lonely and nieve. However, the people cult leaders really strive for are the bright, intelligent people whom normally have 2-3 old ages of college or university instruction. Cult leaders and other members? frequently prey on people who are emotionally baffled or overwrought. . . they can offer wealth or the perfect relationship? ( Fennel, 186 ) . Once a cult leader and its members have targeted a individual or group of people the marks are disempowered such that they frequently become dependent on the leader to let them to acquire through each? twenty-four hours without their life being made snake pit? ( Hassen, 02 ) . Once person has been recruited into a cult the leader frequently begins to deteriorate the manner the individual thinks and Acts of the Apostless. Leaderships frequently end up commanding the manner the members think and control their emotions and feelings. The leaders achieve this by? manipulating and contracting the scope of a individuals feelings. . . by the usage of inordinate guilt, societal guilt, and inordinate usage of fright. . . ? ( Hassen, 02 ) . After this sort of intervention is embedded into person? s mind the individual whom is under head control can non visualise a positive fulfilled hereafter without being in the group or cult. Members become sensitive to the tactic that illicit leader usage by turning their inquiries and remarks arou neodymium and utilize them to fault members into obeisance. Some cult leaders become so haunted with their thoughts and ideas that they can stop up commanding things like what members should eat, have on for vesture and whom members can and can non tie in with. When leaders are called to account for the manner they have chosen to act the cult leader instinctively denies everything and anything that may hold brought up the inquiry in the first topographic point. Quickly follows the denial with an aggressive? antagonistic onslaught? of unfavorable judgment or allegation frequently based on deformation or? fiction? . Liing, misrepresentation, fraudulence, lip service and incrimination are the? trademarks of this phase. . . the intent is to avoid replying the inquiry? ( Hassen 03 ) and therefore avoiding duty for their actions. Leaderships frequently end up maintaining their members so busy they can non believe or move for them selves any longer. Clinical research has identified specific cult related emotional jobs which ex-members must cover and get by with during their re-entry into society. ? Among them, noncritical passiveness and the fright of the cult itself. . . ? ( Singer, 01 ) . Leaving a cult is like sing the decease of a close relation or a broken relationship. The feeling is frequently described as? like holding been betrayed by person whom you were in love. . . you feel you were merely used? ( Singer, 01 ) . Ex-cult members merely want nil more so to acquire on with life while others have a existent desire to understand, negate and to the full incorporate their experiences. The rate of recovery normally depends on several factors such as how? emotionally developed and psychologically healthy the individual was even before being recruited. . . how terrible the dissociate province ( s ) was in the cult. . . ? ( Hassen, 05 ) . Types of experiences within the cult, such as sexual, nutritionary, physical, emotional, p sychic and ritual maltreatment. There are many different, utile ways to assist a individual with their recovery. Individual or group guidance, medical attending, lodging and public assistance services, legal services, detention services and support and credence from household members and friends are all utile and helpful techniques to assist the ex-cult member aid acquire their life back and traveling. Everyone and anyone connected in anyhow to the ex-member can be helpful, and even the brief brushs at a party or on a coach drive can be supportive. Supporting is listening and sympathizing with the ex-member with out the offering of unasked options. Simply being there is one of the best ways anyone can assist. The hungriness for religious counsel and spiritual truth is normally what drives people into researching many of the different bing faiths all over North America and in other parts of the universe. Many jobs tend to originate when the leaders of these cultic groups proclaim themselves to be populating incarnations of this truth. The many great dangers of cults lie in the leap 1 must take from encompassing spiritual truth, to idolizing a individual claiming to be this so called? truth? . The danger of these cults increase quickly when the individual promises redemption, salvation or flawlessness in exchange for money, goods and services. Once a individual begins giving in to the leader and the remainder of the cult members, the stronger their appreciation becomes upon the individual and the harder it becomes to go forth the group. Victims ( ex-cult members ) ? can and should be helped with both the induced and preexistent facets of their job, at the appropriate points in intervention? ( Clifford, Goldberg p 03 ) .

Shifts in The Flea Essay Example

Shifts in The Flea Paper In the poem The Flea by John Done, the speaker swings between the fantasy and reality. The speaker who left himself down find strength in fantasy, and satisfies and imagination. However, when he comes bake to reality, he is mad at himself for this daydream. There are 4 shifts in poem. First, the shift is after line 4. At the beginning, the speaker is in reality, so speakers mood is normal. Then, based on A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead (6), the mood of the speaker changes into guilty. The beaker immerses himself in the fantasy: having sex with that lady. It is the shame at the time, so the speaker turns to be a little bit guilty. Secondly, the shift is between line 8 and line 9, speaker comes back to reality. The attitudes of the speaker change. The speaker realizes their relationship can not be more than a flea. Therefore, he comes back to imagination again immediately. The third shift is after stanza one. The speaker comes back to his fantasy. As his desired lady has made a move to kill the flea, the speaker stays her in hand. We will write a custom essay sample on Shifts in The Flea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shifts in The Flea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shifts in The Flea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Regardless she dad to kill (16), the speaker says she would be guilty of sacrilege, three sins in killing three (18). All of these reflects that the speaker is angry at the flea that it destroyed his life. However, he suddenly realizes all of these are Just fantasy; how can he ban someone for destroying something he doesnt even have? Finally, the tone shifts in the last stanza. The speaker can not find love in reality, so he falls himself Into fantasy to delight himself. When his Imagination Is gone, he gets back his lonely, sad, single life.